Differential Reinforcement in Applied Settings for Individuals with Autism: Systematic Literature Review

Objectives We conducted this systematic review to synthesize and assess studies employing differential reinforcement interventions implemented in applied settings by educators to address the challenging behavior of individuals with autism. Methods A total of 17 studies, involving 26 participants with autism, were eligible for inclusion in the review. We systematically reviewed each study to examine key variables, study quality, and study outcomes. Results Overall, Tau-U calculations suggested a large to a very large change in outcomes for interventions involving differential reinforcement. Tau-U was higher for interventions involving differential reinforcement of alternative behavior and differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior compared to differential reinforcement of other behavior and differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior. Study quality varied, with only three studies meeting all quality indicators. Conclusions For a majority of participants, differential reinforcement resulted in positive outcomes for individuals with autism in applied settings. We discuss the results and offer preliminary guidance for practice and directions for future research.