Effect of physical activity interventions on children's academic performance: a systematic review and meta‑analysis

The physical and psychological benefits of physical activity are well established. However, there is no consensus regarding the effects of physical activity on children's academic performance in general and in specific subjects. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to identify forms of physical activity that are suitable for improving the physical activity levels and academic performance of children aged 12 years and under. The PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched. Included studies had to meet the following criteria: randomized controlled trials examining the effect of physical activity interventions on children's academic performance. Stata 15.1 software was used to conduct the meta-analysis. A total of 16 studies were included, and the results showed that the "physical activity + academic curriculum" format had a positive effect on children's academic performance. Physical activity had a stronger effect on math performance than on reading and spelling performance (SMD = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.30,1.19, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The impact of physical activity on children's academic performance varies based on the type of physical activity intervention, with "physical activity + academic curriculum" format having a better effect on academic performance. The effect of physical activity interventions on children's academic performance also varies by subject; the effect is strongest for math. Trial registration: Registration and protocol CRD42022363255. What is Known: * The physical and psychological benefits of physical activity are well established. * Previous meta-analyses have failed to demonstrate the impact of physical activity on the general and subject-specific academic performance of children aged 12 and under. What is New: * The PAAL form of physical activity has a better effect on the academic performance of children aged 12 and under. * The benefit of physical activity also varies by subject, with the greatest effect being observed for math. Copyright © 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.